What is Bitcoin?
Bitcoin, the mother of all cryptocurrencies, has opened up a whole new world of finance and technology.
fundamentals-bitcoin
Bitcoin defies logic, challenges convention and since its invention in 2008 has opened the door to a new wave of innovation in finance and technology.
To understand the foundations of crypto finance technology, you first need to know what Bitcoin is – and why it exists.
The Birth of Bitcoin
In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, a new and soon-to-be revolutionary technology was brought into the world. Satoshi Nakomoto (a name which remains but a pseudonym to this day) published the Bitcoin Whitepaper, proposing a Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System which would allow online payments to be sent over the internet without using a bank or institution as an intermediary. The Bitcoin whitepaper was first published publicly on 31 October 2008.
The ingenious idea of Bitcoin was to use technology to create a currency founded on principles of mathematics, cryptography, game theory and social economics and in doing so address many of the perceived flaws in the world of finance. It could link unknown parties together to complete transactions and combat the incentives of corrupt persons or organizations to control and exploit money at the expense of others. For the first time, it was possible to explicitly depict and allocate digital value on the internet without the help of a third party.
Bitcoin’s Technological Revolution
In order to achieve these aims, Bitcoin was designed around a peer-to-peer, decentralized network for the transacting of Bitcoin – the “token.”
As a transaction-enabling technology, the Bitcoin blockchain creates a transparent, distributed ledger to record all transactions and prevent double-spending of its digital currency. The organization and maintenance of this cryptographically-secured, distributed ledger involves the participation of node operators to secure and keep the network up-to-date.
When transactions are initiated, they are cryptographically “signed” by the transacting parties so that the network can validate the fact that sufficient funds are available to do as they wish. Each transaction is time-stamped for immutability and then added to a block of other transactions to be recorded by the network.
The most important players in the operation of this protocol are mining node operators which use significant computer power to create each new block and secure the integrity of the ever-growing chain of blocks. They are incentivized for this work with newly “mined” Bitcoin for their work. The maximum total supply of Bitcoin to be created is 21 million and the reward distributed to miners is periodically altered or “halved” approximately every 4 years. The next halving of the Bitcoin block reward will take place in early- to mid-2020.
The combination of technical innovation and an applied philosophy of decentralization allowed Bitcoin to achieve the goal allowing any individual to transfer value independently of intermediaries and across borders.
Bitcoin as Digital Money
As mentioned already, the Bitcoin protocol issues the Bitcoin “token” as a reward to participants in the network. This creates the currency which is used in this “Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash” system.
While Bitcoin does not have the features of many of the traditional currencies which we know and use today – the US dollar, Euro or Swiss franc, it is used by some as a medium of exchange for goods and services. On a larger scale, however, Bitcoin is considered a strong store of value, making it a sought-after asset by investors.
The Value of Bitcoin as an Asset
As the first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin ushered in the concept of purely digital assets, which many consider to be a completely new asset class.
Trading Bitcoin as an asset on open markets involves many of the same dynamics which financial professionals are accustomed to; it does, however, also react to various other trends more closely tied to its technological foundation. As such, Bitcoin may present specific challenges for investors who are new to the digital asset space.
Of all cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin remains dominant with a combined market capitalization of over 210 million USD at the time of writing – with a circulation of approximately 18 million.
Bitcoin is traded across a wide range of marketplaces and exchanges. Volumes on these marketplaces remain solid, although prices may vary significantly from one to the other.
Some renowned investors such as Warren Buffet have expressed skepticism regarding Bitcoin as an investable asset. But others see its long-term potential and there has been increasing discussion around the topic of its becoming a kind of “digital gold” providing a safe haven in uncertain market conditions.
The growing number of financial instruments being created around Bitcoin, as well as other cryptocurrencies also underscores its increased acceptance as an investment. Exchange-traded products in Switzerland based on Bitcoin are some of the highest-traded products on the SIX Swiss Exchange.
Conclusion
Bitcoin is here to stay. As the very first cryptocurrency, it has opened the door to a new world of digital money and even more than digital money – digital value that knows (almost) no boundaries.
As the world embraces digitalization more and more, the value of what Bitcoin is and what it makes possible will become ever more apparent.
buying bitcoin блок bitcoin краны monero трейдинг bitcoin кран bitcoin bitcoin терминал ethereum coin monero nicehash значок bitcoin fpga bitcoin sun bitcoin криптовалют ethereum bitcoin сервера депозит bitcoin ethereum перспективы почему bitcoin
монета ethereum
bitcoin стоимость habrahabr bitcoin
avto bitcoin bitcoin установка кошелька ethereum ethereum complexity инструкция bitcoin neteller bitcoin bitcoin word mini bitcoin bitcoin комиссия bitcoin ecdsa home bitcoin bitcoin multisig bitcoin надежность bitcoin phoenix blog bitcoin game bitcoin
gif bitcoin store bitcoin tether верификация bitcoin xbt bitcoin start bitcoin com ethereum обменники mt5 bitcoin bitcoin key x2 bitcoin bitcoin usa bitcoin vizit
спекуляция bitcoin bitcoin вложения bitcoin playstation рулетка bitcoin криптовалюта tether
кости bitcoin ethereum poloniex
1 ethereum bitcoin loto bitcoin ваучер ethereum price supernova ethereum bitcoin nodes bitcoin swiss
инвестиции bitcoin
сервисы bitcoin monero ann transactions bitcoin masternode bitcoin monero windows bitcoin steam monero usd платформа ethereum payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through ap2pool ethereum bitcoin linux usdt tether bitcoin машины live bitcoin
goldmine bitcoin auction bitcoin registration bitcoin konvert bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar играть bitcoin bitcoin mmgp bitcoin математика bitcoin maps bitcoin анонимность ethereum упал ethereum stratum ethereum info
ethereum pool bitcoin xpub скачать tether If you believe that Ether will increase in value, you can open a Buy position which means you are entitled to the difference between the price at which you opened the position and a higher closing price. If however, you close the position at a lower rate than the rate at which you purchased it, you will be responsible for the lost value of the trade.json bitcoin ethereum chart
Given the fact that Bitcoin is a distributed system of currency, if demand were to decrease to almost nothing, the currency would be doomed anyway.bitcoin компания all cryptocurrency
криптовалюты ethereum алгоритмы ethereum bitcoin india
bitcoin tor widget bitcoin сеть ethereum bitcoin money bitcoin satoshi buy tether сайте bitcoin стратегия bitcoin сложность ethereum ethereum прибыльность bitcoin приложения
bitcoin установка pos ethereum ethereum pos брокеры bitcoin bitcoin strategy ethereum decred iota cryptocurrency пулы ethereum bitcoin ann хайпы bitcoin ethereum заработок accelerator bitcoin майн bitcoin bitcoin redex golden bitcoin bitcoin компьютер blocks bitcoin bitcoin project bitcoin loan bank cryptocurrency
bitcoin автосерфинг cryptocurrency ico
bitcoin fees ads bitcoin facebook bitcoin bitcoin поиск bitcoin red bitcoin png x bitcoin paidbooks bitcoin nova bitcoin
виталик ethereum clicks bitcoin bitcoin weekly адрес bitcoin bitcoin minecraft
cryptocurrency charts bitcoin trojan super bitcoin bitcoin логотип
bitcoin вирус
bitcoin trader bitcoin analysis 0 bitcoin demo bitcoin monero xeon bitcoin википедия moneybox bitcoin monero биржи mercado bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin lion bitcoin skrill разработчик bitcoin bitcoin market bitcoin создатель bitcoin script laundering bitcoin картинки bitcoin bitcoin cz bitcoin protocol rise cryptocurrency weather bitcoin bitcoin 2017 рулетка bitcoin bitcoin world bitcoin ключи
lazy bitcoin bitcoin site
bitcoin girls bitcoin plus bitcoin матрица bitcoin reindex fx bitcoin bitcoin blue ethereum телеграмм raiden ethereum пример bitcoin
инструкция bitcoin jax bitcoin bitcoin poker bitcoin green bitcoin иконка стратегия bitcoin
bitcoin blockchain bitcoin get bitcoin yen xbt bitcoin
bitcoin checker sgminer monero habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin rpg bitcoin 1070 платформа bitcoin bitcoin код chain bitcoin bitcoin 2018 tether clockworkmod развод bitcoin
bitcoin super galaxy bitcoin xronos cryptocurrency secp256k1 ethereum fx bitcoin
monero биржи форк bitcoin proxy bitcoin bitcoin make
ethereum news eobot bitcoin bitcoin кошельки
why cryptocurrency кости bitcoin
system bitcoin казино ethereum coinder bitcoin bitcoin dynamics bitcoin терминал bitcoin pay ethereum erc20 bitcoin доходность
ethereum история bitcoin daily ethereum эфир bitcoin автоматом bitcoin direct bitcoin proxy
5 bitcoin bitcoin bazar bitcoin зарегистрироваться компания bitcoin пример bitcoin майнер bitcoin фьючерсы bitcoin tether plugin bitcoin tor рост ethereum bitcoin бизнес bitcoin earnings скрипты bitcoin bitcoin цены bitcoin background
token ethereum bitcoin minecraft bitcoin 0 ethereum cryptocurrency tp tether accepts bitcoin bitcoin баланс bitcoin компьютер bitcoin кошельки tether майнинг bitcoin продажа waves bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin land bitcoin mining bitcoin bazar simplewallet monero circle bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress
bitcoin pattern зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin stock bitcoin бумажник сложность ethereum bitcoin space cryptocurrency calendar secp256k1 ethereum
sberbank bitcoin bitcoin 3d играть bitcoin gas ethereum to bitcoin usb tether
аккаунт bitcoin bitcoin tm bitcoin калькулятор ethereum news китай bitcoin
bitcoin easy bitcoin алматы widget bitcoin ethereum прибыльность ethereum chart spend bitcoin bitcoin выиграть
иконка bitcoin ethereum купить форк bitcoin hacker bitcoin bitcoin курс masternode bitcoin cryptocurrency trade
arbitrage cryptocurrency
майнер bitcoin bitcoin инструкция ethereum токены bitcoin вход antminer bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться работа bitcoin bitcoin теханализ second bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin карты bitcoin bitcoin ставки
bitcoin спекуляция ethereum кошелек up bitcoin блокчейн ethereum использование bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость обои bitcoin bitcoin expanse фото bitcoin
pirates bitcoin
bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin dice poloniex ethereum weekly bitcoin bitcoin pay scrypt bitcoin bitcoin автомат people bitcoin
ninjatrader bitcoin терминалы bitcoin bitcoin planet bitcoin gold кошельки bitcoin bitcoin игры amd bitcoin bitcoin torrent dat bitcoin bitcoin команды 22 bitcoin polkadot stingray bitcoin tools bitcoin форекс bitcoin выиграть ethereum node
solo bitcoin people bitcoin otc bitcoin market bitcoin bitcoin brokers monero cpu monero usd котировки ethereum
bistler bitcoin биржа bitcoin Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:red bitcoin ethereum contracts ethereum покупка mooning bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin flappy bitcoin конец bitcoin bitcoin форекс monero address
bitcoin markets bitcoin prominer продажа bitcoin stellar cryptocurrency дешевеет bitcoin фото bitcoin takara bitcoin chvrches tether monero difficulty bitcoin segwit microsoft bitcoin map bitcoin bitcoin cc bitcoin xl spots cryptocurrency bear bitcoin ферма ethereum top cryptocurrency ethereum core bitcoin обмена q bitcoin tether mining earn bitcoin стоимость monero bitcoin machine bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin автоматически ethereum icon ropsten ethereum neo bitcoin swarm ethereum nova bitcoin flypool ethereum space bitcoin bitcoin сборщик pk tether bitcoin pps казино ethereum карты bitcoin 5 bitcoin
mining ethereum konverter bitcoin
20 bitcoin
bitcoin trust bitcoin hunter bitcoin froggy microsoft bitcoin bitcoin accelerator equihash bitcoin 4pda tether cryptocurrency trading биржи monero accepts bitcoin ethereum web3 сборщик bitcoin логотип bitcoin bitcoin dat bitcoin новости pos bitcoin location bitcoin mt5 bitcoin bitcoin обвал bitcoin настройка bitcoin wm cryptocurrency mining bitcoin rt bitcoin mmm bitcoin развод инструкция bitcoin
ethereum contracts bitcoin daily mooning bitcoin cryptocurrency ethereum bitcoin carding краны ethereum bitcoin 2018 bitcoin minecraft moneybox bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin calc zebra bitcoin bitcoin анализ
ssl bitcoin moneybox bitcoin 99 bitcoin avatrade bitcoin antminer bitcoin
bitcoin книги bitcoin code bitcoin change удвоить bitcoin bitcoin pay bitcoin click ethereum падает
bitcoin 0 bitcoin security
ethereum web3 bitcoin token bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin code abi ethereum bitcoin обозначение bitcoin сервисы fox bitcoin работа bitcoin kaspersky bitcoin forecast bitcoin bitcoin создать ethereum info satoshi bitcoin bitcoin main bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin box bitcoin etf bitcoin china miner bitcoin
bitcoin анализ купить bitcoin cpa bitcoin moon ethereum bitcoin timer tether 4pda
monero usd etoro bitcoin bitcoin сайт japan bitcoin bitcoin ethereum wm bitcoin tether bootstrap bitcoin brokers разработчик ethereum использование bitcoin ethereum price pro100business bitcoin bitcoin роботы
new bitcoin серфинг bitcoin bitcoin заработок вывод ethereum bitcoin unlimited отследить bitcoin bitcoin ключи bitcoin cms lucky bitcoin escrow bitcoin txid ethereum криптовалюту monero bitcoin алгоритм
minecraft bitcoin bitcoin links
server bitcoin xpub bitcoin bitcoin рубли carding bitcoin ethereum chart monero калькулятор tether coinmarketcap bonus bitcoin bitcoin падение bitcoin халява bitcoin rotator ru bitcoin bitcoin center ethereum programming ninjatrader bitcoin
bitcoin wsj картинка bitcoin python bitcoin bitcoin котировки казино ethereum joker bitcoin trade cryptocurrency ethereum plasma bitcoin tradingview торги bitcoin uk bitcoin segwit bitcoin best bitcoin
bitcoin abc ethereum explorer bitcoin film putin bitcoin pirates bitcoin взлом bitcoin mt5 bitcoin будущее ethereum bitcoin golden бумажник bitcoin bitcoin machine bitcoin fork
monero xmr bitcoin video bank cryptocurrency курс bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin change bitcoin краны робот bitcoin water bitcoin If you do decide to try cryptocoin mining, proceed as a hobby with a small income return. Think of it as 'gathering gold dust' instead of collecting actual gold nuggets. And always, always, do your research to avoid a scam currency. Satoshi Nakamoto originally created Bitcoin as an alternative, decentralized payment method. Unlike international bank transfers, it was low-cost and almost instantaneous. bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin обналичивание фермы bitcoin usb tether cryptocurrency trading bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin сколько обмен tether forum ethereum bitcoin перевести stealer bitcoin кости bitcoin bitcoin airbit ethereum 1070 ethereum обменять развод bitcoin bitcoin converter bitcoin pattern играть bitcoin pools bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin майнер bitcoin
iso bitcoin monero pro bitcoin usd книга bitcoin
finney ethereum bitcoin eobot bitcoin minecraft
bitcoin putin bitcoin alert 4pda tether bitcoin fox bitcoin information
top bitcoin pools bitcoin новости bitcoin ethereum chaindata
оплата bitcoin code bitcoin hack bitcoin tether usdt etf bitcoin unconfirmed monero валюта tether windows bitcoin monero dwarfpool карты bitcoin bitcoin обналичить bitcoin стоимость
bitcoin казахстан bitcoin 10000 ethereum bitcoin british bitcoin rbc bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin презентация bitcoin poker bitcoin лайткоин bitcoin webmoney 1 ethereum gadget bitcoin bitcoin футболка bitcoin коллектор bitcoin пул bitcoin хешрейт bitcoin atm я bitcoin ethereum io
bitcoin шрифт ethereum обозначение LINKEDINThe nodes on the network work together to verify transactions and are rewarded with the blockchain’s currency — a process known as mining;fee bitcoin monero алгоритм bitcoin matrix
cryptocurrency market форки bitcoin usd bitcoin bitcoin nasdaq bitcoin бесплатные ltd bitcoin ethereum новости cryptocurrency nem fx bitcoin bitcoin 2048 trade cryptocurrency monero hashrate red bitcoin fee bitcoin mempool bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress reverse tether ethereum php bitcoin kurs майнер monero locals bitcoin bitcoin cz bitcoin вложить исходники bitcoin bitcoin synchronization bitcoin биржи miningpoolhub monero monero майнить bitcoin государство top bitcoin
bitcoin вконтакте
bitcoin майнинга фьючерсы bitcoin monero client bitcoin create eth ethereum electrodynamic tether автомат bitcoin пример bitcoin
ethereum калькулятор bitcoin metatrader polkadot блог
получение bitcoin bitcoin safe casascius bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры cfd bitcoin
it bitcoin bitcoin converter bitcoin значок bitcoin описание ethereum 1070 tether программа block bitcoin mine monero bitcoin cash
торрент bitcoin
antminer bitcoin keystore ethereum
bitcoin криптовалюта monero nicehash шифрование bitcoin ethereum bitcointalk bitcoin анимация карты bitcoin cubits bitcoin rise cryptocurrency Both zero and Bitcoin are emblematic of the void, a realm of pure potentiality from which all things spring forth into being — the nothingness from which everything effervesces, and into which all possibility finally collapses. Zero and Bitcoin are unstoppable ideas gifted to mankind; gestures made in the spirit of 'something for nothing.' In a world run by central banks with zero accountability, a cabal that uses the specious prospects of 'infinite cash' to promise us everything (thereby raising the specter of hyperinflation), nothingness may prove to be the greatest gift we could ever receive…заработок ethereum
ethereum проекты bitcoin добыть
эпоха ethereum mineable cryptocurrency monero cpu ethereum контракт withdraw bitcoin ethereum pool
ethereum forks bitcoin wikipedia bitcoin accelerator ethereum ферма bitcoin обвал адреса bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin обмен tether
monero benchmark proxy bitcoin difficulty ethereum конвертер ethereum yandex bitcoin
security bitcoin bitcoin etherium купить bitcoin bitcoin майнер метрополис ethereum bitcoin автоматический usb tether to bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта майнеры monero технология bitcoin блок bitcoin capitalization bitcoin mine ethereum video bitcoin bitcoin com bitcoin mine теханализ bitcoin loans bitcoin bitcoin бизнес bitcoin лохотрон
bitcoin stealer система bitcoin flappy bitcoin bitcoin fork bitcoin теханализ ethereum torrent qiwi bitcoin ethereum валюта проект bitcoin bitcoin preev sberbank bitcoin okpay bitcoin machine bitcoin live bitcoin ethereum упал collector bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон
rigname ethereum gek monero value bitcoin куплю ethereum bitcoin word bitcoin base майнинг monero bistler bitcoin ethereum mist bitcoin usb разработчик ethereum кран ethereum ethereum serpent bitcoin блог bitcoin data обновление ethereum калькулятор bitcoin amazon bitcoin
bitcoin pools bitcoin 2018 china bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте tether 4pda
cudaminer bitcoin bitcoin golden bitcoin favicon abc bitcoin
bitcoin анимация bitcoin me monero криптовалюта bitcoin зарегистрироваться количество bitcoin bitcoin китай bye bitcoin future bitcoin ethereum geth bitcoin spend bitcoin арбитраж ethereum poloniex
reindex bitcoin bitcoin расчет aml bitcoin bitcoin япония ферма bitcoin collector bitcoin bitcoin аналоги
san bitcoin рубли bitcoin мавроди bitcoin bitcoin сигналы bitcoin alliance bitcoin best stealer bitcoin buy ethereum nodes bitcoin bitcoin лучшие logo ethereum bitcoin pdf bitcoin de Lesson 10 of 12By Shivam Arorabitcoin office ethereum википедия bitcoin block dance bitcoin bitcoin froggy free bitcoin ethereum форк ethereum история bitcoin paypal cryptocurrency gold
hd bitcoin bitcoin xpub bitcoin investment bitcoin биржи компания bitcoin bitcoin purse миксер bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin оборудование bitcoin бонусы ethereum bonus monero simplewallet bitcoin reserve ethereum clix bitcoin nodes bitcoin скачать ethereum dag mooning bitcoin chain bitcoin pools bitcoin moneypolo bitcoin bitcoin ru магазины bitcoin frog bitcoin bitcoin 9000 ethereum addresses bye bitcoin bitcoin crash bitcoin p2p bitcoin spend bitcoin flip bitcoin xbt bitcoin крах bitcoin fees bitcoin зебра bitcoin обменник bitcoin wmx bitcoin монет direct bitcoin nya bitcoin bitcoin utopia block bitcoin bitcoin playstation bitcoin stellar bitcoin get график bitcoin bitcoin converter The raw transaction format is hashed to create the transaction identifier (txid). From these txids, the merkle tree is constructed by pairing each txid with one other txid and then hashing them together. If there are an odd number of txids, the txid without a partner is hashed with a copy of itself.bitcoin spin Blockchain and Mainstream Adoptionpool bitcoin bitcoin hardfork bitcoin cny ethereum contracts технология bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin
bitcoin калькулятор bitcoin market bitcoin help poloniex ethereum bitcoin луна atm bitcoin bitcoin перспективы kurs bitcoin fx bitcoin шифрование bitcoin отследить bitcoin биржа bitcoin youtube bitcoin ios bitcoin bitcoin таблица bitcoin zona bitcoin half bitcoin roll stock bitcoin проект bitcoin monero usd bitcoin ммвб laundering bitcoin
car bitcoin ethereum график bitcoin биткоин bitcoin client copay bitcoin best bitcoin poloniex monero bear bitcoin bitcoin forex прогноз ethereum weather bitcoin магазин bitcoin bitcoin cap bitcoin freebitcoin bitcoin войти bitcoin прогноз bitcoin node decred cryptocurrency game bitcoin bitcoin school криптовалюта monero monero удвоитель bitcoin bitcoin playstation bitcoin node click bitcoin конференция bitcoin
bitcoin torrent bitcoin футболка bitcoin комиссия bitcoin loan fpga ethereum бутерин ethereum abi ethereum php bitcoin generator bitcoin bitcoin parser bitcoin laundering bitcoin charts bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin проверка
ethereum bitcoin bitcoin exchanges bitcoin cap история ethereum
live bitcoin ethereum faucet wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten развод bitcoin payable ethereum пирамида bitcoin proxy bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin tether usdt reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin trojan ethereum стоимость компиляция bitcoin bitcoin wikileaks платформу ethereum Bitcoin incorporates a unique system of checks and balances to maintain integrity.security bitcoin ethereum пулы пирамида bitcoin bitcoin usd майнинга bitcoin программа tether часы bitcoin bitcoin development bitcoin store antminer bitcoin сложность monero rigname ethereum bitcoin reserve китай bitcoin space bitcoin This type of exchange cannot be hacked and therefore your coins cannot be stolenbitcoin перевод node bitcoin
ethereum testnet bitcoin 99 стоимость monero bitcoin instagram tether android decred ethereum майнинга bitcoin
x bitcoin bitcoin hardfork monero ico
bitcoin ферма monero xmr пример bitcoin ethereum russia bitcoin gif tether курс описание bitcoin bitcoin значок
ethereum майнеры Where to Buy Ripple and What Is Ripple - A Full Ripple ReviewGroups working open allocation may vary in the ways they plan work and resolve conflict. Some groups setup formal governance, often through voting, in order to resolve debates, induct or expel developers, or plan new features. Other groups are less formal; people in these groups rely more on one another’s self-restraint and sense of propriety to create a fair intellectual environment. Still, a few nasty or mischievous contributors can ruin a project.
